淡水管理：《21世纪议程》《进一步执行21世纪议程方案》和《约翰内斯堡执行计划》目标、指标和承诺落实情况
摘要
《21世纪议程》和《约翰内斯堡执行计划》中对淡水管理的考虑注重两个问题：安全饮水和水资源综合管理。《千年宣言》和《约翰内斯堡执行计划》把获得安全饮水当作优先发展议题。
在发展中国家，饮用水污染是疾病和死亡的一个主要原因。20世纪90年代，获得改进饮用水的人数增加了大约9亿人，从占全球人口的78％增加到82％。无法获得安全饮水的人中，有80％以上居住在农村。亚洲许多国家正在争取到2015年实现让仍无安全饮水的人数下降一半这个目标；但在其它区域，多数国家尚未走上正轨。实现这一目标需要到2015年再向16亿人提供饮水，估计供水支出需要增加一倍。水源污染、水泵和供水系统保养不善及水管漏水都是需要解决的问题。一些国家正在改进供水融资，让有能力的人付费，增加成本回收，给无能力的人补贴。目前还在探讨通过公营-私营伙伴关系为城市供水，结果各不相同。
在发展中国家，大多数淡水用于农业灌溉；在发达国家，最大用户是工业。这两个部门在增加使用效率和减少污染方面具有很大潜力。许多国家加强了水资源综合管理进程，在水事管理的一些方面减政放权，加强地方用户或用户协会和其他利相关者的参与程度。在许多情况下，这改善了水的分配，提高了水的使用效率，收回了更多的成本。在越来越激烈的用水竞争中，水生态系统对水的需求大都被忽视，造成这种系统所提供的宝贵的经济、社会和环境服务恶化。加强水资源综合管理还需要采取措施，减少同水有关的灾害，因为这是人的灾难和经济损失的一个主要原因。
原文如下：
Freshwater management: progress in meeting the goals, targets and commitments of Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21, and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation
Summary
Consideration of freshwater management in Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation focuses on two issues: safe drinking water and integrated water resource management. Improving access to safe drinking water has been identified as a high development priority both in the Millennium Declaration and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.
Contaminated drinking water is a major source of illness and death in developing countries. During the 1990s, the number of people with access to improved drinking water** increased by about 900 million, from 78 per cent of the global population to 82 per cent. More than 80 per cent of those without access live in rural areas. Many countries in Asia are on track to meet the target of halving the number of people without access to safe drinking water by 2015, but in other regions, most countries are not on track. Meeting the target will require providing access to an additional 1.6 billion people by 2015, which is estimated to require a doubling of spending on drinking water supply. Contaminated water sources, inadequate maintenance of pumps and distribution systems, and leakage of water from pipes are problems that need to be overcome. Some countries are improving the financing of water supply through increased cost recovery from those who can afford to pay, with subsidies for those who cannot. Public-private partnerships for urban water supply are being explored with mixed results.
In developing countries, most freshwater is used for agricultural irrigation, while in developed countries the largest user is industry. In both sectors, there is a large potential for increased efficiency in use, as well as reductions in pollution.
Many countries have been strengthening their integrated water resource management processes, with decentralization of some aspects of water management and increased participation of local users or water user associations and other stakeholders. In many cases, this has resulted in improved water allocations, greater efficiency of use, and greater cost recovery. In the growing competition for water, the water requirements of aquatic ecosystems have been largely neglected, resulting in a deterioration of the valuable economic, social and environmental services they provide. Strengthening integrated water resource management will also require measures to reduce water-related disasters, which are a major cause of human suffering and economic damage.
